Anaemia

Anaemia is a condition characterized by a reduction in red blood cell count or haemoglobin, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues.

Causes:

• Iron deficiency: Due to poor diet, chronic or acute blood loss, or malabsorption.
• Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency: Leads to megaloblastic anaemia.
• Chronic diseases: Such as chronic kidney disease or cancer.
• Haemolytic anaemia: Premature destruction of red blood cells.
• Genetic conditions: Such as sickle cell disease or thalassemia.

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms depend on the level haemoglobin level, blood loss and underlying cause. Common symptoms include:

• fatigue
• Pallor
• shortness of breath
• dizziness
• palpitations
• fainting or loss of consciousness in severe cases
• cardiac arrest

Diagnosis:

Blood tests: Complete blood count (CBC), iron studies, and reticulocyte count.

Treatment:

• Iron supplementation for iron deficiency.
• Vitamin B12 or folate replacement for deficiencies.
• Blood transfusions in severe cases.
• Treating underlying causes (e.g., erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for chronic kidney disease).