Eisenmenger Syndrome

Introduction

Eisenmenger syndrome is a complication of congenital heart defects with left-to-right shunting (e.g., ventricular septal defect), leading to pulmonary hypertension and reversal of the shunt (right-to-left). Increased pulmonary blood flow causes pulmonary vascular remodeling and hypertension. As pulmonary resistance exceeds systemic resistance, deoxygenated blood bypasses the lungs and enters systemic circulation, causing cyanosis.

Symptoms

• Cyanosis
• Fatigue
• Clubbing of fingers
• Dyspnea
• Haemoptysis

Diagnosis

Echocardiography and right heart catheterization.

Oxygen saturation and haemoglobin analysis.

Treatment

• Supportive care: Oxygen therapy, anticoagulants, and treatment for heart failure.
• Surgical care: Lung or heart-lung transplantation in severe cases.
• Long term care: Avoidance of pregnancy due to high maternal and fetal risks.